Emergency contraception, an interesting topic….

Posted on March 22, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg

Are you wondering what form of emergency contraception is the safest and most effective for preventing pregnancy?

If a woman has a single episode of unprotected intercourse, she can conceive a child.  Nearly 50% of US pregnancies are unintended.  The likelihood of pregnancy after a single episode of unprotected intercourse is highly variable depending on where the woman is in her cycle.  Emergency contraception is the use of a device or medication to prevent pregnancy and this can be MORE THAN 95% effective at preventing pregnancy when used within 5 days of intercourse.

Research involved nearly 60,500 women who had engaged in a single act of unprotected intercourse.  The result showed the most effective method to prevent pregnancy is mifepristone. A one-time dose of mifepristone was more effective than any dose of oral levonorgestrel (Plan B One-Step).  A moderate-dose mifepristone (25 to 50 mg) was more effective than mifepristone 25 mg.  Ulipristal (Ella) is more effective than oral levonorgestrel. 

Copper IUD can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse for use as emergency contraception.  Then it can be used for emergency contraception and can stay in place for 10 years.  The copper IUD is as effective as mifepristone for emergency contraception. 

One other method of emergency contraception is the combination (estrogen and progesterone) oral contraceptive pills often used for long-term birth control.  This is used (with a different dosing regimen) for emergency contraception and is not as effective as the rest of the methods. 

Of course, I suggest abstinence OR use of routine contraception (condoms, birth control pills, IUDs, etc) before I suggest emergency contraception. 

Ask your physician for emergency contraceptive pills. You can have them at-the-ready at home.

Be ready….

Posted in contraception, Uncategorized, Women's Health | Tagged , , , , , , | Comments Off on Emergency contraception, an interesting topic….

Treatment of the common cold

Posted on March 15, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg

The common cold is exactly that…. Very common.

There are only a few safe and effective treatments available. 

Common cold symptoms: thin nasal drainage, nasal congestion, cough, sore throat, fatigue, low-grade fever.

Treatment: Antibiotics should NOT be used for an apparent viral respiratory illnesses.  This is because antibiotics work on bacteria, not on viruses.

Over the counter analgesics (acetaminophen or ibuprofen), zinc (80-92 mg a day), nasal decongestants (like Afrin for 3 days or less)with or without antihistamines and ipratropium for cough. Nasal saline (like a Neti Pot) irrigation helps.  Menthol rub may help “open up the chest.”  Honey is suggested for sore throat for patients OLDER than 12 months.  (Honey under 12 months could cause botulism.)

Maybe lactobacillus casei may help in older adults.

What should not be used: 1. No OTC cold medicines in children less than 4 years. 2. Codeine and other cough-suppressants have not been proven effective.

When should you expect to feel better?  Most colds last for one week.  It is common for a cough to last longer, especially in smokers.

When should the patient get follow up care?  If you have a fever higher than 101 degrees, productive cough, difficulty breathing, or very bad headaches.

To help decrease spread: Wash hands!

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Treatment of the common cold

Do you have a TRUE penicillin allergy?

Posted on March 8, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg

Do you have a TRUE penicillin allergy?

I often hear from patients that they have a penicillin allergy.  Penicillin allergy is the most commonly documented drug allergy in medical records.  Approximately 10% of patients report a penicillin allergy.  HOWEVER, up to 90% of patients with a reported penicillin allergy tolerate penicillin on allergy testing. 

What is the downside of having penicillin allergy reported when indeed you are not?! When penicillins cannot be used for an infection, patients are often started on an alternative broader-spectrum antibiotic with potentially poorer effectiveness and less favorable safety profile.  When patients are on broader-spectrum antibiotics this can lead to increased multidrug-resistant organism, treatment failures and increasing healthcare costs and longer hospitalizations.

There is a validated clinical prediction rule for penicillin allergy.  The PEN-FAST (penicillin allergy, five or fewer years ago, anaphylaxis/angioedema, severe, treatment) rule was made from a study of 600+ patients in Australia.  There were five independent predictors identified that are important.  The risk factors to include in the clinical prediction rule are:

Allergy event occurred five or less years ago (2 points)

Anaphylaxis/angioedema or severe adverse skin reaction (2 points)

Treatment required of penicillin allergy (1 point)

Total scoring ranged from 0 to 5 points.

If patient has 0 points, there is a 0.6% risk of really having a significant penicillin allergy.

If the patient has 1 or 2 points, there is 5% risk

If the patient has 3 points, there is a 19% risk

If the patient has 4 or 5 points, there is a 53% risk of penicillin allergy.

Consider seeing a physician who specializes in allergy testing. 

Posted in allergies, General Medicine- Adults | Tagged , , , , , , | Comments Off on Do you have a TRUE penicillin allergy?

Rural Outreach Medical Clinic (with vaccines!) this Saturday!

Posted on March 1, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg
Silver Springs Rural Outreach Clinic UNR Med will provide medical services to the Silver Springs community during a Rural Outreach Clinic from 9 a.m.–1 p.m. on March 5 at 3595 Hwy 50 Suite 1.

What services are offered? Patients can get general physicals, sports physicals, lab work, and breast exams. The Rural Outreach Clinics offer blood pressure and blood work, diabetes screening and counseling, clinical and physical evaluations, adult and children’s influenza vaccinations, and women’s health services.

Which vaccines will be given? Immunize Nevada will also be providing COVID-19 vaccinations at this clinic.

Spanish-only speakers accommodated. All clinics have Spanish translators

Is this covid-safe? Yes, as much as possible. Patients will be screened for COVID-19 symptoms when scheduling appointments and again when arriving for appointments. Facial coverings are required. Patients are asked to come to their visit alone. All guests will be asked to wait in the car unless needed to assist the patient

Walk-ins are welcome at the Rural Outreach Clinics.

To make an appointment, call 775-391-0632 or 775-770-8679 for Spanish speakers. For questions, email ruraloutreachclinic@gmail.com. Every effort will be made to see all individuals who arrive before noon.

When: 9 a.m.–1 p.m., March Where: 3595 Hwy 50 Suite 1, Silver Springs 
Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Rural Outreach Medical Clinic (with vaccines!) this Saturday!

Do you have trouble swallowing? Food getting stuck? What should you watch out for?

Posted on February 22, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg
flickr.com/photos/woodwood/3834678022

The medical term for difficulty swallowing is dysphagia.

Dysphagia is a frequent occurrence and is often underreported.

Esophageal dysphagia feels like food cannot pass from the esophagus to the
stomach. There are a few conditions that cause this.

·        An esophageal lesion. Most commonly this occurs
before the entrance of the stomach.

·        Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). If it
feels like food gets stuck after swallowing, this may be caused by GERD. Patients
may need to chase rice or meat down with water to help the food bolus pass into
the stomach.

·        Eosinophilic esophagitis. This is a common
condition when increased eosinophils are present in the GI tissues. Eosinophils
are white blood cells that are increased in response to an allergen. So, food
allergies may increase the eosinophils in the esophageal tissue and cause pain
and difficulty passing food into the stomach.

What are red-flag symptoms?

  • vomiting
  • vomiting blood
  • unintentional weight loss
  • history of tobacco or alcohol abuse
  • exquisite pain

 

 

If there are NO red-flag symptoms an exam should be performed to rule out thyroid goiter or mass. The patient may be started on a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) like omeprazole daily for a month. If symptoms
completely resolve, then continuation of the medication is a good plan. If symptoms remain after a month of treatment, GI consult is warranted.

If there are red-flag symptoms, the patient should see a gastroenterologist, a GI doctor, for evaluation and possible endoscopy. Endoscopy is when a camera is maneuvered inside the GI tract.  An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the endoscopic procedure that would be done in this case in which a camera is put down the mouth, through the stomach, and into the first part of the
small intestine. The physician can see the walls of that part of the GI tract
and evaluate for inflammation or ulcers or masses. Biopsies may be taken to
show what is going on at the cellular level. The pathology physician is the one
who looks at the biopsies to comment about the cells.

A similar condition to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is oropharyngeal
dysphagia.  This feels like difficulty
initiating a swallow. It can also present as coughing, food going “down
the wrong tube” or choking. The patient may have a neurologic condition:
dementia, Parkinson’s or a stroke. Oropharyngeal dysphagia has the risk of
aspiration– where food goes into the lungs.
This can cause respiratory distress and lung infections.

 

I hope this helps.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Do you have trouble swallowing? Food getting stuck? What should you watch out for?

Prediabetes. Is this diagnosis important? Helpful? Harmful?

Posted on February 15, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg

Prediabetes.  Is this diagnosis important? Helpful? Harmful?

Before 2004, hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugars) was not considered significant.  The American Diabetes Association began in 2004 labeling elevated blood sugars of prediabetes to increase awareness and prompt physicians and patients to act. 

What constitutes a diagnosis of prediabetes? Fasting blood sugars between 110 and 125 or a hemoglobin A1c between 6-6.4%.  In 2010 the ADA lowered these thresholds to fasting blood sugar of 100 to 125 and A1c between 5.7 to 6.4$.  In 2017 an estimated 352 million adults had prediabetes or 7.3% of the world’s population. 

What is the rate of progression from prediabetes to diabetes?  Rate of conversion of 5 to 10% within one year, 25% within 4 years, and 70% of those with prediabetes diagnosis convert to diabetes. 

Treatment:  The question is DO we need to treat?  One review showed that to prevent one case of prediabetes from turning into diabetes within 3 years, 7 people need to participate in intensive lifestyle modification with weight loss and exercising.  There is a great cost of prolonged weight loss coaching.  The use of metformin prescription reduces the conversion to diabetes (but studies show that 14 prediabetics need to take metformin to avoid one patient from converting to diabetes).

Is there a harm of a diagnosis of prediabetes?  Prediabetes may be considered a diagnosis of questionable clinical significance.  Due to this the diagnosis could cause psychological distress and lead to additional testing, increased physician visits, and overtreatment. 

What to do?  Eat a healthy diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and lean meats. Do moderate exercise 30 minutes most days of the week.  Don’t smoke.  Maintain a normal weight meaning BMI between 20-25.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Prediabetes. Is this diagnosis important? Helpful? Harmful?

Do you have green toenail discoloration?

Posted on February 8, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg
flickr.com/photos/eclib/4973434171

Do you have green toenail discoloration?

Green toenail discoloration is also called green nail syndrome.  This results from a pseudomonas infection. 

Predisposing factors for green nail syndrome:

  1. Tinea infection of the nails (because it alters the nail plate making the nailbed more susceptible to pathogens)
  2. Infection of the skin around the nails.
  3. Working as a barber, dishwasher, janitor, baker, or nail salon (because of water and chemical exposures)
  4. Use of artificial nails and nail polishes

Do you need additional testing to confirm the diagnosis?  It is a clinical diagnosis.  No labs are needed to confirm the diagnosis.

What is the treatment?  Trim the nails. Keep nails dry.  Avoid trauma to the toe.  Home treatments like vinegar soaks or diluted chlorine bleach are not known to be effective.  Topical antibiotics can be applied to the nail bed. Occasionally the nail needs to be removed.  Oral antibiotics can be used for severe infections.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Do you have green toenail discoloration?

Hepatitis C. What you should know?

Posted on February 1, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg

How many have hepatitis C?  It’s estimated that there are 3.7 million in the US with hepatitis C.  The incidence of acute hepatitis C infection quadrupled (!) between 2010 and 2018.  Only 52% of those with chronic HCV know they have it and only 37% have received treatment. 

How to screen for hepatitis C?  A blood test.  Any physician can order this.  The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends one-time HCV screening in all adults aged 18 to 79 years.  In adults with ongoing risk factors, period blood work screening is suggested.

What are risk factors for hepatitis C?

  • Infants born to mothers with hepatitis C
  • Men who have sex with men
  • Incarceration
  • Hemodialysis
  • Blood transfusion before 1992
  • People with HIV or hepatitis B infection
  • Unexplained chronic liver disease

What is chronic hepatitis C?  Chronic HCV is after 6 months of infection.  HCV is often insidious with few symptoms.  Patients can get liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer from HCV.  25% of patients with chronic HCV develop cirrhosis, although it routinely takes 25-30 years to develop. 

What is HCV treatment?  Antiviral therapy. These are prescribed by GI doctors.  There are multiple FDA-approved “pangenotypic” direct-acting antiviral treatments. Only 2% of patients discontinue treatment due to adverse effects from the antivirals.

If you have hepatitis C. Avoid all herbal and dietary supplements should be stopped. Avoid alcohol.  Tylenol use should be at 2000 mg or less daily. 

For now, it is best to know if you have hepatitis C. There is effective treatment to cure this infection.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Hepatitis C. What you should know?

Do you really need that pap? See the updated cervical cancer screening guidelines.

Posted on January 25, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg
flickr.com/photos/e n321/55331295/
flickr.com/ photos/en321/55331295/

Updated cervical cancer screening guidelines.  Do you really need that pap?

Why test for cervical cancer?  4000 patients still die annually from cervical cancer.  This is dramatically decreased compared to the 1950s, but racial and socioeconomic disparities continue to contribute to this number as our undocumented and uninsured may not have routine preventive care.

What is the best screening test? In 2018 the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended testing for human papillomavirus WITHOUT cytology (meaning without a pap) as an option for cervical cancer screening for women 25 years and older.   Despite this recommendation, physicians often still perform a pap with HPV testing every 3 to 5 years, depending on the woman’s age.

What about women who have had the HPV vaccines?  In vaccinated patients, abnormal pap results are usually caused by HPV types with a low cancer risk.  The HPV vaccines are meant to vaccinate against the subtypes of HPV that are known to cause cells on the cervix to change from normal cells to cancerous ones.

When to stop doing paps?  If a patient has had a normal pap smear before, women can stop having paps at age 65.  Testing beyond age 65 in previously screened patients adds little benefit or life expectancy.  If the woman had been diagnosed with grade 2 or greater cervical dysplasia within the past 25 years and has had a normal pap within the past 10 years, she too does not need another pap after age 65.

I urge that you see your physician yearly for a well adult visit and you two can have a conversation about which test would be best for you.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Do you really need that pap? See the updated cervical cancer screening guidelines.

Mobility devices. WHICH is best for WHOM?

Posted on January 22, 2022 by drlesliegreenberg


Mobility devices are used by nearly 30% of adults 65 years and older when OUTside the home and 26% use them INside the home. These devices often help decrease the risk and the fear of falling in older adults. Assistive devices can improve balance, increase mobility and confidence, reduce pain and decrease the risk of falls. When a fall causes a hip fracture, this is especially harmful in that hospitalization, surgery, rehab and possibly long-term nursing home care may ensue. The patient may never return to independent living.

Canes: improve standing tolerance and help walking by off-loading a weak or painful leg. Canes are the least stable of all assistive devices. Cane-users must have sufficient upper body strength, balance and dexterity to use them safely.
Standard cane: Should only be used for minimal weight-bearing.
Offset cane: More supportive than a standard cane. Handgrip more comfortable than standard cane.
Quadripod/ 4-pronged cane: Larger base, stands on its own slightly heavier than other canes, may not fit on stairs.


Crutches: Not used much in older adults due to the upper body strength that is needed to appropriately use them.


Walkers: MANY older patients use walkers to help people with poor balance or those who cannot bear full weight on their legs. There are a few different kinds of walkers.
Two-wheel rolling walker: Easier to maneuver than a walk with no wheels.
Four-wheel rolling walker: Also called rollator. Best for those who need rest breaks due to lung or heart endurance issues. Least stable type of walker so patients need to NOT need to fully off-load their weight from a limb.


Wheelchairs: Best for those who lack the lower body strength, endurance, or balance for walking. Need to be properly sized and the patient educated to help avoid skin breakdown, pressure ulcers.
Manual wheelchairs: Patients need sufficient upper body strength and coordination to move and maneuver it.
Power chairs: For those who cannot operate a manual wheelchair. These may be hard for insurance to pay for.

I hope this helps.

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , , | Comments Off on Mobility devices. WHICH is best for WHOM?